Oil spill

In our daily activity,there are many activities that bring advantage to us but bring harmful to our earth.One of the activity is oil spill..An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term often refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. The oil may be a variety of materials, including crude oil, refined petroleum products (such as gasoline or diesel fuel) or by-products, ships' bunkers, oily refuse or oil mixed in waste. Spills take months or even years to clean up.Oil is also released into the environment from natural geologic seeps on the sea floor.Most human-made oil pollution comes from land-based activity, but public attention and regulation has tended to focus most sharply on seagoing oil tankers. Many method has been done to prevent oil spill.One of the method is secondary containment.This method is to prevent releases of oil or hydrocarbons into environment.Another famous program is Oil Spill Prevention Containment and Countermeasures (SPCC) program by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to prevent oil spill..


for urther information,you can go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill

Cloning

What is cloning?Cloning is the process of making an identical copy of something. In biology, it collectively refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms. It also include organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.Molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it. Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media.Organism cloning refers to the procedure of creating a new multi-cellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place.Dolly,the first mammal that success clon from adult cell.Dolly was well-known as the result showed that the genetic material from a specific adult cell, programmed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, could be reprogrammed to grow an entire new organism.Before this,there is no proof that it will success.

for more information,you can go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning

Haloalkane

Haloalkane also called as alkyl halides are a group of chemical compound that consist of alkane..Some famous example of alkane are methane,alkane,octane and others..haloalkane can ce derived from alkana.We can subsitude one hydrogen with a halogen atom to convert alkana to alkane..Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are compounds containing chlorine,fluorine and carbon only, that is they contain no hydrogen.It is commonly used in our daily lives such as refrigerants , propellants, and cleaning solvents.Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are of a class of haloalkanes where not all hydrogen has been replaced by chlorine or fluorine. They are used primarily as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes, as the ozone depleting effects are only about 10% of the CFCs.Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They have no known effects at all on the ozone layer. Only compounds containing chlorine and bromine are thought to harm the ozone layer.Chlorinated or fluorinated alkenes can be used for polymerization, resulting in polymer haloalkanes with notable chemical resistance properties.

for more information,you may go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane#Environmental_issues

Ship pollution

Ship pollution is happen when the air or water polluted and it caused by ship..Ship is important transport that we used to sent some product to oversea.As the number of ships increase every year,the pollution that caused by ships is more serious and serious.this problem is very dangerous nowadays..Ships can pollute the waterways and oceans in many ways. For instance, spills from oil tankers and chemical tankers, and ejection of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere from exhaust fumes. Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. Ships create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife, and water from ballast tanks can spread harmful algae and other invasive species. In many instances vessels due to a variety of reasons intentionally discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such actions.Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution.In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air..
for more information,you can search http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_pollution

Fission product

What is fission product?Fission is splitting the nucleus into two smaller nuclei.Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions along with a few neutrons and a large release of energy in the form of heat that is kinetic energy of the nuclei, gamma rays and neutrinos. The two smaller nuclei are the "fission products".The sum of the atomic weight of the two atoms produced by the fission of one atom is always less than the atomic weight of the original atom as some of the mass is lost as free neutrons and large amounts of energy.Each fission of a parent atom produces a different set of fission product atoms. However, while an individual fission is not predictable, the fission products are statistically predictable.The particular isotope that produced is called yield.Normally the higher the energy of the state that undergoes nuclear fission, the more likely that the two fission products have similar mass. Hence, as the neutron energy increases or the energy of the fissile atom increases, the valley between the two peaks becomes more shallow.

for more information,you can go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product

Uranium in the environment

Uranium is a naturally occurring element found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. This is the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth.there are many sources of uranium such as air crashes and combustion.Uranium metal, as depleted uranium, has been used in aircraft for trim weights in the past (although the practice has been discontinued), so after an air crash a release of uranium or its combustion products is possible.Studies of depleted uranium aerosol exposure suggest that uranium combustion product particles would quickly settle out of the air and thus could not affect populations more than a few kilometers from target areas..We can get uranium from the incident of corrosion..It is reported that corrosion of uranium in a silica rich aqueous solution can produce uranium dioxide and uranium trioxide.During the extraction of uranium ore and its processing, some releases of uranium occur. The releases of radium and other decay products of uranium are normally more important than the uranium in tailings ponds at the mines and ore processing centers.It is believed that uranium can bring harmful to human.The organ in our body which affected most by uranium is kidney.

for more information,you may search http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment#Sources

Water pollution!

What is water pollution?Water pollution is related to the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater that caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water bodies.Although natural disaster such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water, water pollution is refer when it impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use like serving as drinking water or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities.Water pollution has many causes.Water pollution are caused by discharges from a wastewater treatment plant, outfalls from a factory, leaking underground tanks,and others.Nutrient runoff in storm water from sheet flow over an agricultural field, or metals and hydrocarbons from an area with high impervious surfaces and vehicular traffic are examples of causes of source pollution.Contaminants may include bacteria,food processing,detergents,acidity,heavy metal and others..

for more information,you may go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution

Recycle!!

Recycling involves processing used materials into new products..The purposes of recycling is to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air (from incineration) and water (from landfilling) pollution by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.Recycling is a key component of modern waste management..Recycle also can describe as reuse.A number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream. These systems tend to lie along the spectrum of trade-off between public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collection are "drop-off centres", "buy-back centres" and "curbside collection".Curbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables and source separation.Many different materials can be recycled but each type requires a different technique such as batteries,clothing,metal,paper,glass and others..

for further information,please go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycle

Ozone depletion

Ozone depletion mean two distinct but related observations.First is a slow, steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere since the late 1970s and a much larger but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions during the same period. The latter phenomenon is commonly called as the ozone hole. there are also tropospheric ozone depletion events, which occur near the surface in polar regions during spring.The detailed mechanism by which the polar ozone holes form is different from that for the mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both trends is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic chlorine and bromine.The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds, commonly called freons, and of bromofluorocarbon compounds known as halons. These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface. Both ozone depletion mechanisms strengthened as emissions of CFCs and halons increased.The amount of ozone in the stratosphere is determined by a balance between photochemical production and recombination.Ozone can be destroyed by a number of free radical catalysts.


for more information,you can go http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

Malaysia.....

MALAYSIA?Malaysia is a country that consist of 13 state and three federal territories in southeast Asia..The area of Malaysia is around 329847 square kilometers..Populations in Malaysia are over 25milllions.Races in Malaysia include Chinese,Malay,India and with other minorities and indigenous peoples... Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education. Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six, in kindergarden. Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years. Secondary education in Malaysia are conducted in secondary schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years.Students who wish to enter public universities must complete one and a half more years of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit for the (STPM), Malaysian Higher School Certificate; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society. The population as of February 2007 is 26.6 million consisting of 62% Malays, 24% Chinese, 8% Indians, with other minorities and indigenous peoples. Ethnic tensions have been rising in recent months. Malaysia is a multi-religious society and ISLAM is the official religion.

for more information ,you can go http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia

Herbicide

What is mean by herbicide?Herbicide can be defined as a thing that used to kill unwanted plants.Normally unwanted plant is mean the plant that can bring harmful to us.We only leave unharmed plant in that place.Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. Herbicides used to clear waste ground are nonselective and kill all plant material with which they come into contact. Some plants produce natural herbicides, such as the genus Juglans. They are applied in total vegetation control programs for maintenance of highways and railroads. Smaller quantities are used in forestry, pasture systems, and management of areas set aside as wildlife habitat.Herbicides are widely used in agriculture and in landscape turf management. The herbicides is widely used in US and it is around 70%.Certain herbicides affect metabolic pathways and systems unique to plants and not found in animals making many modern herbicides among the safest crop protection products having essentially no effect on mammals, birds, amphibians or reptiles.Some herbicides cause a of health effects ranging from skin rashes to death.The pathway of attack can arise from intentional or unintentional direct consumption, improper application resulting in the herbicide coming into direct contact with people or wildlife, inhalation of aerial sprays, or food consumption prior to the labeled pre-harvest interval.

for other information,you can go http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide

National day

National day is a day which celebration mark the nationhood of a nation or non-sovereign country.National day is a public holiday in every country..It is a meaningful day because national day is a day that which a country achieve independent...Most countries have a single National Day per year, though a few, for example, India and
Pakistan, have more than one. Besides that, each of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, namely Hong Kong and Macao,
celebrate the day of the establishment of the special administrative region, as well as the National Day of the People's Republic of ChinaMost countries have a fixed date National Day, but some have movable dates..For Malaysia,the national day is 31/8..for China it is at 1 June...

for more information,you can refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_day